What type of outcomes are typically associated with actions such as classifying cases in predictive modeling?

In predictive modeling, classifying cases involves assigning each case to a specific category or class based on the underlying data. This process typically results in decisions being made, as each classification represents a choice regarding the outcome for that case. For example, in a binary classification model for email filtering, an email may be classified as either "spam" or "not spam." Hence, classification directly relates to making decisions based on modeled predictions.

The actions involved in classification contrast with other types of outcomes. Rankings would suggest an order of items based on some evaluated metric, which is not the main goal of classifying cases. Estimates often refer to numerical values predicted, such as a regression output, and forecasts typically pertain to predicting future values or trends over time. Therefore, the nature of classification aligns closely with making definitive decisions about the state or category a particular case falls into.